Cryptocurrency Basics
Individual holders of US spot Bitcoin ETFs cannot withdraw BTC. You can only buy and sell ETF shares in your brokerage account, just like stocks. T...
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"Longest chain" is actually a misleading shorthand in Bitcoin. What nodes really follow is the chain with the greatest cumulative proof of work, no...
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Whether you need to pay gas to query smart contract data depends on which path you take: if you are only "reading" data that already exists on-chai...
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The core problem of a reentrancy attack can be summed up in one sentence: the contract hands control to an external address before it finishes upda...
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Bitcoin's base layer does have a smallest unit of 1 satoshi. On-chain transactions cannot record any amount smaller than that. The Lightning Networ...
ERC-1155 can have multiple copies because its standard introduces an independent amount field outside of tokenId. The same tokenId represents one "...
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Chain abstraction and account abstraction solve problems at two different levels. Account abstraction changes what your account itself can do, such...
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Hash is not encryption. The most direct evidence is that encryption has a decryption key, while hash by design has no "decryption" operation. The t...
Bitcoin empty blocks do not happen because miners "did not see" pending transactions. They happen because miners are racing against time. When a ne...
A transaction rejected by your node does not mean it violates Bitcoin's consensus rules. In most cases, a node rejects a transaction because it doe...
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Zero-knowledge proof (ZK) and encryption solve two different problems. Encryption is about "hiding content so that people without the key cannot re...
No. Translating a BIP39 seed phrase word by word into Chinese and then importing it into a wallet will restore a different wallet, not the original...
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If you query the ETH balance of an address at a historical block, a full node and an archive node give completely different results: a full node wi...
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A public key and a wallet address are not the same thing, but in everyday use they are often mixed up. Simply put: a public key is an intermediate ...
Chain ID and Network ID have the same value on most mainstream chains, but their purposes are completely different: Chain ID is written into transa...
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Flash loans require no collateral precisely because they demand repayment within the same transaction. These two things are two sides of the same m...
Dogecoin and Litecoin can share hashrate not by splitting one miner's power into two halves, but because one piece of Scrypt work is recognized by ...
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The private key itself does not actually change. What changes is its "export format". When the same 256-bit private key is exported in WIF format, ...
Bech32m cannot be mixed with Bech32. The fundamental reason is that their checksum algorithms are incompatible, and Bitcoin address format rules re...
If all derivation were hardened, HD wallets would lose the ability to generate receiving addresses using only a public key — and that is exactly th...
